![]() However, their past studies were inconsistent in growing method, impurities, measuring conditions and so on. ![]() Furthermore there are some studies on blue emission by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and the subsequent occurrence of color centers – Citation14]. Most of them had been studied as tunable laser materials, because the Ti-doped sapphire has a luminescence in a wide range of infrared wavelength. There are a lot of studies on Ti-doped sapphire, where Ti is doped more than several hundred ppm – Citation8]. For growing sapphire, the Flame-Fusion Method (FFM), also called the “Verneuil method,” is generally used because of some advantages such as high growing rate, high purity, disuse of crucibles, low cost and so on. ![]() Therefore, it has been widely utilized for laser materials, watch windows, mechanical bearings, LED's substrates and so on – Citation5]. Sapphire (α-Al 2O 3 single crystal) has superior properties of hardness, chemical stability, thermal stability, transparency, no absorption from ultraviolet to near infrared wavelength and so on. ![]()
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